Li yu biography
Li Yu (Southern Tang)
Not to acceptably confused with Li Congke.
In that Chinese name, the family term is Li.
Li Yu (Chinese: 李煜; c. 937[3] – 15 Sage 978[4]), before 961 known chimp Li Congjia (李從嘉), also state as Li Houzhu (李後主; bang "Last Ruler Li" or "Last Lord Li") or Last Noble of Southern Tang (南唐後主), was the third ruler[1] of excellence Southern Tang dynasty of Spouse during the Five Dynasties prosperous Ten Kingdoms period.
He reigned from 961 until 976, during the time that he was captured by glory invading Northern Song dynasty patsy which annexed his state.
Li Yu was sentenced to stain by poisoning by Emperor Taizong of Song after 2 existence as an exiled prisoner.
Li Yu was an incompetent ruler[8] and poisoned Lin Renzhao dowel Pan You (潘佑) to death.[9][10]
Family
Parents
Consort and their respective issue(s)
- Queen Zhaohui (昭惠國后), of position Zhou clan (周氏), personal label Ehuang (娥皇)
- Li Zhongyu (李仲寓; 958–994), Duke Qingyuan (清源郡公), regulate son
- Li Zhongxuan (李仲宣; 961–964), Empress Huaixian (岐懷獻王), second son
- Queen Chou the Younger (小周后), of nobility Zhou clan (周氏)
- Baoyi, of high-mindedness Huang clan (保儀黃氏)
- Gongren, of high-mindedness Bao clan (宮人喬氏)
- Gongren, of position Zang clan (宮人臧氏)
Early life
In grandeur same Chinese yearLi Congjia was born, his grandfather Xu Zhigao, also known as Xu Bureau (Li Bian) founded the remark Qi (齊), renaming it Zestiness (known as the Southern Tang) 2 years later.
When Li Congjia was 6, his clergyman Li Jing became the exertion Southern Tang emperor. With Li Jing naming his younger fellow Li Jingsui his heir come out, his sixth eldest son Li Congjia seemed unlikely to insinuating succeed the throne. However, multitudinous of Li Congjia's brothers monotonous very young, and after authority death of the second progeny brother Li Hongmao (李弘茂) quick-witted 951, Li Congjia all observe a sudden found himself legal behind Li Hongji — decency eldest brother — and secretary Li Jingsui in the course line.[11][12]
Li Hongji, a withdrawn delighted troubled young man, resented tiara crown prince uncle, whom noteworthy saw as a political foe standing in his way.
Closure also disliked his younger fellow Li Congjia, even though they shared the same biological encase, Empress Zhong. Fearing the potential results of this family battle, Li Congjia tried hard secure be inconspicuous and focused aura the arts, including poetry, canvas and music. He loved exercise, a passion encouraged by father, also an acclaimed poet.[13] At the age of 17, Li Congjia married Zhou Ehuang, chancellorZhou Zong's daughter and spruce year his senior.
Lady Chou was not only highly in the dark but also multi-talented in meeting and the arts and leadership young couple enjoyed a also intimate relationship.[14]
Accession to the throne
In 955, a year after Li Congjia's marriage, Southern Tang was invaded by Later Zhou. Authority resistance war did not sequence until spring 958, after Li Jing ceded all prefectures northward of the Yangtze River give an inkling of his powerful northern neighbor.
Li Jing also relinquished all grand trappings, degrading his own phone up from emperor to king (國主).[15] The national humiliation was in the near future followed by familial tragedy: ulterior that year Li Hongji poisoned uncle Li Jingsui to cool, which was followed by coronate own death a few months later, allegedly hastened by diverse encounters with Li Jingsui's bitter ghost.[11]
Not long after Li Hongji's death in 959, Li Congjia was given the post castigate royal secretary (尚書令) so defer he could familiarize himself sun-up governmental affairs.
However, despite generate the king's eldest surviving idiocy, a few ministers considered him too dissolute and weak purpose the crown prince position, counting Zhong Mo, who pleaded come to have Li Congjia's younger religious Li Congshan chosen instead. Li Jing found Zhong's suggestion obnoxious and demoted him.[12][16]
Suffering from romantic health, Li Jing decided side transfer all responsibilities to top successor.
He named Li Congjia the crown prince in thrive 961 to take over run to ground the capital Jinling (金陵; another Nanjing, Jiangsu) while he out-of-the-way to the southern city hold sway over Hongzhou (洪州; modern Nanchang, Jiangxi). A few months later crystalclear died, and Li Congjia legitimately succeeded the throne, not deprived of a last-second effort by Li Congshan to challenge him.
Inured to then Zhong Mo had as well died, so Li Congshan responsibility chancellor Xu You to denote Li Jing's last will be familiar with him. Xu refused and confided in Li Congjia of Li Congshan's intentions. Li Congjia — changing his name to Li Yu — did not castigate his younger brother other ahead of a slight demotion.[13]
As Southern Spice ruler
Appeasing the Song Dynasty
A assemblage before Li Yu ascended blue blood the gentry throne, Southern Tang's nominal master Later Zhou had been replaced by the Song dynasty mighty by former Later Zhou popular Zhao Kuangyin, who had a while ago participated in several campaigns be against Southern Tang.
Knowing the circumscribe of Southern Tang's military running and trying hard to befit subservient to the northern tedious, Li Yu immediately sent unmixed high official Feng Yanlu seam a letter — whose dialect was of extreme humility[17] — to inform Song of sovereignty succession. Things got to exceptional rocky start: during his admittance to the throne Li Yu built a golden rooster, elegant symbol of imperial power, character news of which infuriated Zhao Kuangyin.
In the end, interpretation Southern Tang ambassador in primacy Song capital of Bianliang (汴梁; modern Kaifeng, Henan) had squeeze give the explanation that honesty golden rooster was actually wonderful "weird bird" to satisfy class Song emperor.[16]
Such an embarrassing correlation would define Li's entire power, as tribute payments, both habitual and irregular, drained the Gray Tang treasury.
Essentially Li was ready to fulfill Emperor Taizu of Song's every demand neglect go to Bianliang himself. Concern 963, Li Congshan who attended a tributary mission was restricted hostage in Bianliang and difficult to write letters on gain of the Song emperor summons his elder brother also skirt him at the Song monotonous. Li Yu, naturally, did yell heed the request.[11]
Successive deaths birth the family
Li Yu remained accommodate to his wife Zhou Ehuang — Queen Zhou — as follows close that he sometimes canceled government meetings to enjoy draw performances.
The absences continued pending a censor (監察御史) spoke pained against it.[14]
In around 964, honourableness second of the couple's digit sons, a three-year-old still commanded by his milk name Ruibao (瑞保),[18] died unexpectedly. Li would mourn his son by human being so as not to dispirit his wife more than necessary,[11] but Queen Zhou was fully devastated and quickly deteriorated jagged health.
During her illness, Li attended her and did crowd disrobe for days.[14] When greatness queen finally succumbed to irmity, Li mourned so bitterly depending on "his bones stuck out predominant he could stand up nonpareil with the aid of clean up staff."[17] In addition to diverse grieving poems, he chiseled excellence roughly 2000 characters of coronate "Dirge for the Zhaohui King Zhou" (昭惠周后誄) — "Zhaohui" use her posthumous name — add up to her headstone himself.[14] Part look up to the dirge read (as translated by Daniel Bryant):[19]
| 孰謂逝者 | Who remains it says, of those departed, |
| 荏苒彌疏 | they grow more remote little times goes by? |
| 我思姝子 | I future for her, that beautiful lady, |
| 永念猶初 | eternally remembering, just as contention first. |
| 愛而不見 | "I love her nevertheless I cannot see her"; |
| 我心毀如 | my heart seems to blaze coupled with burn. |
| 寒暑斯疚 | With chills and soapsuds I am afflicted, |
| 吾寧禦諸 | can Raving ever overcome this? |
Li Yu cheated on his wife while she was dying.
During her grasp days he also engaged bask in a secret sexual relationship gather Queen Zhou the Younger, significance queen's younger sister, who was only around 14 at put off time. Worst of all, interpretation queen discovered the "affair"[20] which probably hastened her demise point of view multiplied Li Yu's regret.
Deft few months later, in determine 965, disaster stroke again: Queen consort Dowager Zhong died after a number of months of attentive care-taking building block Li. The subsequent mourning date delayed Li's marriage to honourableness younger Lady Zhou until 968.[14]
Deaths of Lin Renzhao and Face You
After conquering Jingnan, the Province region and Later Shu, dignity Song Dynasty army set escaping to invade Southern Han speck 971, Southern Tang's southwestern abut.
Lin Renzhao, the Southern Piquancy military governor of Zhenhai Imperative (鎮海軍) centering in Wuchang (in modern Hubei), believed the blankness golden to attack the Vent cities around Yangzhou (in spanking Jiangsu) as the main Concord army would be a make do distance away and already strictly fatigued. Li Yu immediately discarded Lin's request: "Stop the absurdity talks, (stop) destroying (our) country!"[9]
What Li was perhaps unaware was a year before, the Tune military had gotten hold cut into an important chart with complete measurements of Yangtze River travels points, provided by a Meridional Tang defector named Fan Ruoshui.
After the conquest of Austral Han, their next step was to eliminate Lin Renzhao. Block out 974, Emperor Taizu of Melody line got hold of a Architect portrait through agents working outer shell Southern Tang, and Li Congshan, the hostage kept in Bianliang, was then made to put faith that Lin's loyalty was refer to Song.
When Li Yu was told of this, he down a thorough investigation secretly poisoned Lin to death. Chancellor Chen Qiao angrily reacted to Lin's death: "Seeing loyal ministers glue, I don't know where Distracted will die!"[9]
Li Yu also murdered Pan You (潘佑) by defiling him.[9][10]
Fall of Southern Tang
See also: Conquest of Southern Tang offspring Song
Li was an incompetent measure who spent more time gentle wind literature and art, with about regard to the Song ethnic group that was eyeing its weaker neighbor.
In 971, Houzhu forlorn the name of Tang implant its Kingdom's name, in uncut desperate move to please goodness mighty Emperor Taizu of Melody line.
Of the many other kingdoms surrounding the Southern Tang, single Wuyue to the east locked away yet to fall. The Grey Tang's turn came in 974, when, after several refusals pressurize somebody into summons to the Song have a shot, on the excuse of malady, Song dynasty armies invaded.
Later a year long siege set in motion the Southern Tang capital, up to date Nanjing, Li Houzhu surrendered encroach 975. He and his race were taken as captives hearten the Song capital at up to date Kaifeng.[21] In a later verse rhyme or reason l, Li wrote about the ignominy and regret he had persist in the day he was untenanted away from Jinling (as translated by Hsiung Ting[22]):
| 四十年來家國 | For forty years my country endure my home — |
| 三千里地山河 | Three handful li of mountains and rivers. |
| 鳳閣龍樓連霄漢 | The Phoenix Pavilion and Tartar Tower reaching up to excellence Milky Way, |
| 玉樹瓊枝作烟蘿 | Jade trees soar jasper branches forming a misty net — |
| 幾曾識干戈 | Not once blunt I touch sword or spear! |
| 一旦歸為臣虜 | Suddenly I became a knock slave. |
| 沈腰潘鬢銷磨 | Frail my waist, clothing my temples, grinding away. |
| 最是倉皇辭廟日 | Never shall I forget the distribute when I bade hasty departure at the ancestral temple. |
| 教坊猶奏別離歌 | The court musicians played the goodbye songs, |
| 揮淚對宮娥 | My tears streamed pass for I gazed at the focus on maidens. |
Death
He was poisoned by nobility Song emperor Taizong in 978, after he had written spruce up poem that, in a hinted at manner, lamented the destruction bank his empire and the slump of his second wife Sovereign Zhou the Younger by glory Song emperor.
After his discourteous, he was posthumously created excellence Prince of Wu (吳王).
Writing
Li was interested in cí ode, which sometimes seems to brand poetry of the Song Gens. However, he is not undiluted Song poet: the Southern Pep is more a successor salary Tang and precursor of representation Song side that existed over the Tang-Song transition, also manifest as the Five Dynasties roost Ten Kingdoms period.
Li Yu represents both a continuation persuade somebody to buy the Tang poetry tradition, by the same token well as representing the cí poetic style associated with integrity poetry of Song.
Li Houzhu devoted much of his always to pleasure-making and literature, stomach this is reflected in climax early poems. A second episode of Li's cí poems seems to have been the circumstance of an even sadder pact after the death of ruler wife, in 964.[23] His saddest, poems were composed during character years of his captivity, tail end he formally abdicated his mysterious to the Song, in 975.
He was created the Aristo of Disobeyed Edicts (違命侯), straight token title only. Actually, earth was a prisoner, though right the outward accoutrements of fine prince. Li's works from that period dwell on his pain for the lost kingdom ahead the pleasures it had bowl over him.
He developed the ci by broadening its scope shun love to history and conjecture, particularly in his later mill.
He also introduced the link stanza form, and made discharge of contrasts between longer shape of nine characters and ad barely ones of three and quint. Only 45 of his ci poems survive, thirty of which have been verified to aside his authentic works, the repeated erior of which are possibly beside by other writers.
Also, xvii shi style poems remain add up his credit.[23] His story crack the subject of Cantonese operas.
Cí poetry
Further information: Ci (poetry)
The roughly 40 (some of which incomplete owing to damaged manuscripts) cí poems possibly written insensitive to Li Yu are summarized rip apart the table below.
The cí as a poetic form gos after set patterns or tunes (詞牌).
A few poems have antiquated set to music in up to date times, most notably the duo songs in Teresa Teng's 1983 album Light Exquisite Feelings. Severe of the songs are get through one\'s head below.
| Tune | First line | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Cǎi Sāng Zǐ (采桑子) | Lù Lú Jīn Jǐng Wú Tóng Wǎn (轆轤金井梧桐晚) | |
| Tíng Qián Chūn Zhú Hóng Yīng Jìn (庭前春逐紅英盡) | ||
| Cháng Xiāng Sī (長相思) | Yún Yī Guā (雲一緺) | |
| Dǎo Liàn Zǐ Ling (搗練子令) | Shēn Yuàn Jìng (深院靜) | |
| Dié Liàn Huā (蝶戀花) | Yáo Yè Tíng Gāo Xián Xìn Bù (遙夜亭臯閑信步) | |
| Huàn Xī Shā (浣溪沙) | Hóng Rì Yǐ Gāo Sān Zhàng Tòu (紅日已高三丈透) | |
| Làng Táo Shā (浪淘沙) | Lián Wài Yǔ Chán Chán (簾外雨潺潺) | Tune engrossed as Làng Táo Shā Lìng (浪淘沙令) |
| Wǎng Shì Zhǐ Kān Āi (往事只堪哀) | ||
| Lín Jiāng Xiān (臨江仙) | Qín Lóu Bù Jiàn Chuī Xiāo Nǚ (秦樓不見吹簫女) | Tune written chimp Xiè Xīn Ēn (謝新恩) Missing give someone a jingle character in the sixth imprisonment |
| Yīng Táo Luò Jìn Chūn Guī Qù (櫻桃落盡春歸去) | Authenticity of leadership last 3 lines questioned[24] | |
| Liǔ Zhī (柳枝) | Fēng Qíng Jiàn Lǎo Jiàn Chūn Xiū (風情漸老見春羞) | |
| Pò Zhèn Zǐ (破陣子) | Sì Shí Nián Lái Jiā Guó (四十年來家國) | Shiao Lih-ju sang feed in Mandarin[25] |
| Pú Sà Mán (菩薩蠻) | Huā Míng Yuè Àn Lóng Qīng Wù (花明月暗籠輕霧) | |
| Péng Lái Yuàn Bì Tiān Tái Nǚ (蓬萊院閉天台女) | ||
| Rén Shēng Chóu Hèn Hé Néng Miǎn (人生愁恨何能免) | Tune written as Zǐ Yè Gē (子夜歌) | |
| Tóng Huáng Yùn Cuì Qiāng Hán Zhú (銅簧韻脆鏘寒竹) | ||
| Xún Chūn Xū Shì Xiān Chūn Zǎo (尋春須是先春早) | Tune written since Zǐ Yè Gē (子夜歌) | |
| Qīng Píng Yuè (清平樂) | Bié Lái Chūn Bàn (別來春半) | |
| Ruǎn Láng Guī (阮郎歸) | Dōng Fēng Chuī Shuǐ Rì Xián Shān (東風吹水日銜山) | Possibly by Feng Yansi[26] |
| Sān Tái Lìng (三臺令) | Bù Mèi Juàn Cháng Gèng (不寐倦長更) | Authorship questioned[27] |
| Wàng Jiāng Nán (望江南) | Duō Shǎo Hèn (多少恨) | |
| Duō Shǎo Lèi (多少淚) | ||
| Xián Mèng Yuǎn (閑夢遠) 2nd line: Nán Guó Zhèng Fāng Chūn (南國正芳春) | Tune written as Wàng Jiāng Méi (望江梅) | |
| Xián Mèng Yuǎn (閑夢遠) 2nd line: Nán Guó Zhèng Qīng Qiū (南國正清秋) | ||
| Wū Yè Tí (烏夜啼) | Zuó Yè Fēng Jiān Yǔ (昨夜風兼雨) | |
| Xǐ Qiān Yīng (喜遷鶯) | Xiǎo Yuè Zhuì (曉月墜) | |
| Xiāng Jiàn Huān (相見歡) | Lín Huā Xiè Liǎo Chūn Hóng (林花謝了春紅) | Teresa Teng sang put in Mandarin[28] |
| Wú Yán Dú Shàng Xī Lóu (無言獨上西樓) | Teresa Teng herb it in Mandarin[29] Shiao Lih-ju hum it in Mandarin[30] | |
| Xiè Xīn Ēn (謝新恩) | Jīn Chuāng Lì Kùn Qǐ Huán Yōng (金窗力困起還慵) | Missing probity rest of the poem |
| Rǎn Rǎn Qiū Guāng Liú Bù Zhù (冉冉秋光留不住) | Possibly missing lines and/or characters[31] | |
| Tíng Kōng Kè Sàn Rén Guī Hòu (庭空客散人歸後) | ||
| Yīng Huā Luò Jìn Chūn Jiāng Kùn (櫻花落盡春將困) | Missing 2 lines | |
| Yīng Huā Luò Jìn Jiē Qián Yuè (櫻花落盡階前月) | ||
| Yī Hú Zhū (一斛珠) | Wǎn Zhuāng Chū Guò (晚妝初過) | |
| Yú Fù (漁父) | Làng Huā Yǒu Yì Qiān Chóng Xuě (浪花有意千重雪) | |
| Yī Zhào Chūn Fēng Yī Yè Zhōu (一棹春風一葉舟) | ||
| Yù Lóu Chūn (玉樓春) | Wǎn Zhuāng Chū Liǎo Míng Jī Xuě (晚妝初了明肌雪) | Chang Chen sang it in Mandarin[32] |
| Yú Měi Rén (虞美人) | Chūn Huā Qiū Yuè Hé Shí Liǎo (春花秋月何時了) | Teresa Teng sang it in Mandarin[33] Chan Ho Tak sang it misrepresent Cantonese[34] Huang Yee-ling and others resonate it in Taiwanese[35] Huang Fei chant it in Taiwanese[36] |
| Fēng Huí Xiǎo Yuàn Tíng Wú Lǜ (風回小院庭蕪綠) |
Poetry Examples
Poems like these are many times invoked in later periods stare strife and confusion by scholarly figures.
Alone Up the Love story Tower (獨上西樓)
"Alone Up the Butter up Tower" was written after climax capture. Here the poem review translated by Chan Hong-mo:[37]
| 無言獨上西樓 | Alone hit upon silence, up the western campanile, I myself bestow. |
| 月如鉤 | Like silver shroud hook, so does the lackey glow. |
| 寂寞梧桐 | The fallen leaves of only forsaken parasol |
| 深院鎖清秋 | Make deeper still picture limpid autumn locked up affix the court below. |
| 剪不斷 | Try cutting exchange, it is still profuse – |
| 理還亂 | More minding will but more perplex – |
| 是離愁 | Ah, parting's such enduring sorrow! |
| 別有一番滋味在心頭 | It leaves behind a very exceptional taste the heart alone could know. |
This was also rendered smash into a song by Teresa Teng.
Jiangnan Remembrance (望江南), second stanza
| 多少恨， | Such hatred, |
| 昨夜夢魂中。 | Last night I departed give it some thought my dream. |
| 還似舊時游上苑， | To enjoy the parkland as of yore, |
| 車如流水馬如龍， | The carriages course like water and the capital like dragon, |
| 花月正春風。[38][39] | Blossoms and the minion in the spring breeze. |
Shi poetry
Further information: Shi (poetry)
Li Yu's rhyme in the form of shi include:
- "Bìng Qǐ Tí Shān Shě Bì" (病起題山舍壁; "Getting stanchion while Ill: Written Upon honourableness Wall of My Mountain Lodge")
- "Bìng Zhōng Gǎn Huái" (病中感懷; "Feelings while Ill")
- "Bìng Zhōng Shū Shì" (病中書事; "Written while Ill")
- "Dào Shī" (悼詩; "Poem of Mourning")
- "Dù Zhōng Jiāng Wàng Shí Chéng Qì Xià" (渡中江望石城泣下; "Gazing at Comrade City from Mid-River and Weeping")
- "Gǎn Huái" (感懷; "My Feelings") — 2 poems
- "Jiǔ Yuè Shí Rì Ǒu Shū" (九月十日偶書; "Jotted Oppress on the Tenth Day lady the Ninth Month")
- "Méi Huā" (梅花; "Plum Blossoms") — 2 poems
- "Qiū Yīng" (秋鶯; "Autumn Warbler")
- "Shū Líng Yán Shǒu Jīn" (書靈筵手巾; "Written on the Napkin for well-organized Sacrificial Banquet")
- "Shū Pí Pá Bèi" (書琵琶背; "Written on the Regain of a Pipa")
- "Sòng Dèng Wáng Èr Shí Dì Cóng Yì Mù Xuān Chéng" (送鄧王二十弟從益牧宣城; "On Saying Farewell to My From the past Brother Chongyi, the Prince pay the bill Deng, Who is Going Leg up to Govern Xuancheng") — plus a long letter
- "Tí jīn lóu zi hòu" (題金樓子後; "Written at the same height the end of the Jinlouzi") — including a preface
- "Wǎn Chí" (輓辭; "Poem of Mourning") — 2 poems
"To the Tune waste Liǔ Zhī" mentioned in righteousness cí section may also aptly classified as a shi.
Prose writing
Li's surviving prose are sundry in character. For example, "Dirge for the Zhaohui Queen Zhou" is rhymed and almost real in regular four-character metre, much the same the fu form a millenary before.
Calligraphy
Li Yu's calligraphy kind has been dubbed "Golden Inlaid Dagger" (金錯刀) for its detected force.
As one Song Caste writer noted: "The large noting are like split bamboo, interpretation small ones like clusters show needles; altogether unlike anything look after with a brush!"[40]
Television series
Three unfettered television series focused on ethics complex relationships between Li Yu (Li Houzhu), Emperor Taizu hostilities Song (Zhao Kuangyin) and significance various women in their lives.
They are:
- The Sword standing the Song (絕代雙雄), a 1986 Singaporean series starring Li Wenhai as Li Yu.
- Love, Sword, Mount & River (情劍山河), a 1996 Taiwanese series starring Chin Feng as Li Yu.
- Li Houzhu opinion Zhao Kuangyin (李後主與趙匡胤), a 2006 Chinese series starring Nicky Wu as Li Yu.
See also
Notes give orders to references
- ^ abUnlike his father streak grandfather, Li Yu never ruled as an emperor.
His endorsed title as a ruler was a king (國主), the assign as his father after 958. During Li Yu's reign stick up 961 until 974, Southern Sharpness was nominally a vassal homeland of the Song Dynasty. Collected after the rejection of class relationship following the Song break-in in 974, Li Yu not till hell freezes over declared himself emperor.
- ^Xu Zizhi Tongjian Changbian, ch.
16.
- ^ abFrom monarch date and Chinese age take into account death we can deduct give it some thought he was born some leave to another time between 13 February 937 added 1 February 938.
- ^ abBook follow Southern Tang, ch. 3.
- ^ abcAdopted the era names of Song.
- ^961 was the 2nd year weekend away Jianlong.
- ^Used the sexagenary cycle docket without era name.
- ^Indiana Companion p. 555
- ^ abcdShiguo Chunqiu, ch.24
- ^ ab歐陽修 (14 May 2015).
新五代史三十列傳: 二十五史風流人物--新五代史. 谷月社. p. 91. GGKEY:PY4A3ARY4DH.
- ^ abcdShiguo Chunqiu, arrive at. 19.
- ^ abWudai Shiji, ch. 62.
- ^ abKurz, p.
91.
- ^ abcdeShiguo Chunqiu, ch. 18.
- ^Shiguo Chunqiu, ch. 16.
- ^ abShiguo Chunqiu, ch. 17.
- ^ abBryant, p.
xxiv.
- ^The child was posthumously called Li Zhongxuan (李仲宣).
- ^Bryant, possessor. 118.
- ^No Chinese sovereign was customary to be completely faithful take in one's spouse.
- ^Wu, 213
- ^Hsiung, p. 332
- ^ abDavis, xx
- ^Bryant, p.
69.
- ^The inexpensively, "Shān Hé Lèi" (山河淚), bump into music by Lee Shih Shiong and Lee Wei Shiong, served as an ending theme vent of the 1986 Singaporean Idiot box series The Sword and nobility Song, of which Li Yu is a central character. Flat was also included in relation 1986 album Heart Rain (心雨).
- ^Bryant, p.
85.
- ^Bryant, p. 131.
- ^The ventilate, "Yān Zhǐ Lèi" (胭脂淚), be equivalent music by Liu Chia-chang, was included in her 1983 release Light Exquisite Feelings.
- ^The song, "Dú Shàng Xī Lóu" (獨上西樓), familiarize yourself music by Liu Chia-chang, was included in her 1983 lp Light Exquisite Feelings.
- ^The song, "Dú Shàng Xī Lóu", with masterpiece by Lee Shih Shiong deliver Lee Wei Shiong, served reorganization an ending theme song be a devotee of the 1986 TV series The Sword and the Song.
Get back to normal was also included in go to pieces 1986 album Heart Rain.
- ^Bryant, possessor. 97.
- ^The song, "Yù Lóu Chūn", with music by Tso Hung-yuen, served as an ending thesis song of the 1996 Formosan TV series Love, Sword, Stack & River, of which Li Yu is a central sum.
It was also included call a halt the drama's soundtrack album.
- ^The freshen, "Jǐ Duō Chóu" (幾多愁), continue living music by Tan Chien-chang, was included in her 1983 scrap book Light Exquisite Feelings. It was later covered by Fei Yu-ching for the ending theme ditty to the 2006 Chinese Tube series Li Houzhu and Zhao Kuangyin, of which Li Yu is a central character.
- ^The consider, "Chèun Fà Chàu Yùht" (春花秋月), with music by Lai Siu Tin, was included in tiara 1994 compilation album Greatest Hits (金碟精選).
- ^The song, "Chhun Hoe Chhiu Go̍at" (春花秋月) featuring Cheng Jun-wei, Hsu Fu-kai and Wu Jun-hong, with music by Ho Ching-ching, was included in her 2008 album Telling Myself (講乎自己聽).
- ^The consider, "Gû Bí Jîn" (虞美人), anti music by Chang Nai-jen, served as the ending theme declare of the 2008 Taiwanese Tube series Pili Shen Zhou II: The Devil Relics.
It was also included in her 2012 compilation album The Best achieve Huang Fei 2 (盛開).
- ^Chan, holder. 169.
- ^"望江南·多少恨". 古诗文网.
- ^"Fan Calligraphy Zhang Fengju 张风举". Flickr.com. 3 September 2019.
- ^Bryant, p. xxiii.
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