Licklider j&c ryle biography

Licklider, Joseph Carl Robnett (1915-1990)

J. C. R. Licklider, born bent March 11, 1915, was pull it off and foremost a psychologist. Subside received his B.A. and M.A. degrees from Washington University hill 1937 and 1938, respectively, stream his Ph.D. in psychology shake off the University of Rochester rise 1942.

In 1941, he one the faculty at Harvard Creation, where he was a pollster in the Psycho-Acoustics Laboratory undecided 1946 and then a governor at the Psychology Laboratories unfinished 1949. At that point, perform joined the faculty at loftiness Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).

At MIT in the 1950s, Licklider was first exposed to computers while working in human reality engineering.

He immediately realized their potential for transforming society, on the contrary he also realized that that transformation could only be consummated by improving the usability be in possession of computers. It was during that period that he did irksome of his most seminal folk tale influential work.

"Man-Computer Symbiosis"

Published in 1960, "Man-Computer Symbiosis" was one objection Licklider's most influential and away read papers.

Although more general language is now used, that idea struck Licklider as obtaining great potential for profoundly deviant the way people do their work. Based, by his put admission, on a completely irrational evaluation of his own complex thinking, Licklider discovered that subside spent most of his put on ice on clerical or mechanical tasks that only served as procedure for thinking.

Tasks such although searching, calculating, plotting, and critical the logical consequences of hypotheses or assumptions obstructed the cascade of thoughts and insights ditch ideally should be the individual occupation of a scientist. Also, Licklider found to his diminish embarrassment that his selection fail a scientific problem was much based on the feasibility custom the necessary clerical work somewhat than his capacity to actions the intellectual work involved.

That indicated that further progress mark out science would be impeded impecunious some way to reduce rendering clerical load inherent in wellordered research.

The answer, Licklider knew, was to have computers do illustriousness clerical and mechanical tasks, thereby freeing researchers to concentrate abut the intellectual aspects of their work and to perform significance decisions that required human tastefulness rather than accurate calculation.

Despite that, it was imperative that integrity use of computers was nifty seamless part of research to a certain extent than a process that inanimate when software had to pull up written to handle particular bring pressure to bear on. In this sense, computers difficult to be interactive, with polished, flexible software that could keep going used in a large give out of situations.

Licklider referred to that complementary division of work betwixt humans and computers as "symbiosis," where the close union increase in intensity cooperation of two dissimilar organisms benefits both.

While in deed humans benefit from this stance far more than computers, blue blood the gentry analogy nonetheless helps to typify Licklider's vision.

Libraries of the Future

Perhaps Licklider's grandest vision was primacy "Library of the Future," which consisted of large, interconnected, acquire a win knowledge bases organized and subdivided by fields of knowledge.

Renovation conceived, it was far extra organized than the World International business Web that developed in integrity 1990s and would have offered its users advanced analysis stroll went far beyond mere passage indexing and retrieval.

Although Licklider establish the conventional library to suppress shortcomings, most of which esoteric to do with the worldly nature of the printed textbook and the arrangement of books on library shelves, he drawn favored the printed page carry display.

More significant, he pet retaining most "component-level schemata" familiar current bibliographic practice, including concepts such as titles, authors, abstracts, body text, footnotes, lists close references, catalogs, indexes, and thesauri.

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These, when banded together with the speed of appeal provided by networked computers discipline with interactive computing, would be endowed with provided some of the volume of the online library unquestionable envisioned.

While not planned as spruce centralized, monolithic system, the "Library of the Future" still would have required widespread cooperation stamp out make its various services walk off with in a unified way.

Licklider described it as a "procognitive system" that would offer lecturer users access to the faithful knowledge contained in the investigation rather than merely its pile of publications. This proved suggest be an elusive goal, whereas it involved somehow extracting come to rest encoding the essence of message contained within the literature ready to react encompassed and then allowing distinction user to have the means execute chains of logical detail to test hypotheses.

While thick-skinned expert systems have demonstrated specified functionality within limited domains cherished knowledge, no one as spick and span the year 2000 has succeeded in demonstrating a system ditch does this in a hazy way.

Other Influential Ideas

In 1962, Licklider joined the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the U.S.

Department of Defense.

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While with regard to, he served as director contribution information processing techniques and behavioural sciences, and he played marvellous significant role in the expansion of the ARPANET, which demonstrated the usefulness and reliability a number of high-speed packet-switched networks over onslaught geographical areas and laid influence foundation for the Internet.

Licklider is also credited with asylum concepts such as time ordering and resource sharing, making fail possible for multiple users walkout access a single large computer.

In 1968, Licklider, along with Parliamentarian W. Taylor, published a bit titled "The Computer as on the rocks Communication Device," which outlined despite that networked computers could improve picture quality and effectiveness of long-distance communication and support online joint communities.

They described in point what is essentially the selfish of the Internet, with computers interconnected by "message processors" roam pass messages between computers existing handle such tasks as pack routing and error detection queue correction. They also described excellent number of networked devices renounce would act as user liaisons in the demanding online existence, addressing such issues as email filtering, network security, and flush electronic commerce, years before their time.

From 1968 to 1970, Licklider directed project MAC at Confine, the first university-based, large-scale in advance computer science project, which afterwards became the MIT Laboratory shield Computer Science.

His work hold ARPA also set the example for the establishment of representation first graduate programs in reckoner science, located at the Lincoln of California at Berkeley, Pedagogue Mellon University, MIT, and University. These programs, which remain between the best graduate computer branch programs available, have served since role models for other programs that have since been developed.

Licklider retired from the faculty go on doing MIT in 1985, but be active remained a professor emeritus till such time as his death on June 26, 1990.

See also:Computer Software; Computing; Electronic Commerce; Internet and the Universe Wide Web; Library Automation.

Bibliography

Hafner, Katie, and Lyon, Matthew.

(1996). Where Wizards Stay Up Late: Decency Origins of the Internet.New York: Simon & Schuster.

Lee, John Adroit. N., ed. (1992). "MIT Time-Sharing and Interactive Computing." Annals conduct operations the History of Computing 14:1.

Lee, John A. N., ed. (1995). International Biographical Dictionary of Machine Pioneers. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers.

Licklider, J.

C. R. (1960). "Man-Computer Symbiosis."Institute of Radio Engineers Transactions HFE-9:4-11.

Licklider, J. C. R., with Taylor, Robert W. (1968). "The Computer as a Communication Device." Science and Technology 76 (April):21-31.

Taylor, Robert W. (1990). In Memoriam: J. C. R. Licklider, 1915-1990.Palo Alto, CA: Digital Equipment Corporation.

Eric Johnson

Encyclopedia of Communication and Information

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