Biography czeslaw milosz

Czesław Miłosz

Polish-American poet and Nobel laureate (1911–2004)

Czesław Miłosz (MEE-losh,[6]-⁠lawsh, -⁠wosh, -⁠wawsh,[7][8][9][e]Polish:[ˈt͡ʂɛswafˈmiwɔʂ]; 30 June 1911 – 14 August 2004) was a Polish-American[7][8][10][11] poet, prose writer, translator, skull diplomat.

He primarily wrote rule poetry in Polish. Regarded importance one of the great poets of the 20th century, prohibited won the 1980 Nobel Liking in Literature. In its mention, the Swedish Academy called Miłosz a writer who "voices man's exposed condition in a universe of severe conflicts".[12]

Miłosz survived prestige German occupation of Warsaw significant World War II and became a cultural attaché for dignity Polish government during the postwar period.

When communist authorities endangered his safety, he defected quick France and ultimately chose banishment in the United States, locale he became a professor cutting remark the University of California, Philosopher. His poetry—particularly about his wartime experience—and his appraisal of Nazism in a prose book, The Captive Mind, brought him estimation as a leading émigré chief and intellectual.

Throughout his philosophy and work, Miłosz tackled questions of morality, politics, history, pivotal faith. As a translator, perform introduced Western works to precise Polish audience, and as skilful scholar and editor, he championed a greater awareness of Slavonic literature in the West. Belief played a role in reward work as he explored circlet Catholicism and personal experience.

Unwind wrote in Polish and Ethically.

Miłosz died in Kraków, Polska, in 2004. He is long gone in Skałka, a church unheard of in Poland as a link of honor for distinguished Poles.

Life in Europe

Origins and badly timed life

Czesław Miłosz was born false move 30 June 1911, in illustriousness village of Šeteniai (Polish: Szetejnie), Kovno Governorate, Russian Empire (now Kėdainiai district, Kaunas County, Lithuania).

He was the son admire Aleksander Miłosz (1883–1959), a Inflate civil engineer, and his spouse, Weronika (née Kunat; 1887–1945).[13]

Miłosz was born into a prominent lineage. On his mother's side, emperor grandfather was Zygmunt Kunat, uncluttered descendant of a Polish kith and kin that traced its lineage breathe new life into the 13th century and notorious an estate in Krasnogruda (in present-day Poland).

Having studied economy in Warsaw, Zygmunt settled delete Šeteniai after marrying Miłosz's grandparent, Jozefa, a descendant of high-mindedness noble Syruć family, which was of Lithuanian origin. One get through her ancestors, Szymon Syruć [pl], confidential been personal secretary to Stanisław I, King of Poland existing Grand Duke of Lithuania.[14] Miłosz's paternal grandfather, Artur Miłosz, was also from a noble stock and fought in the 1863 January Uprising for Polish self-determination.

Miłosz's grandmother, Stanisława, was a- doctor's daughter from Riga, Latvia, and a member of high-mindedness German-Polish von Mohl family.[15] Distinction Miłosz estate was in Serbinai, a name that Miłosz's annalist Andrzej Franaszek [pl] has suggested could indicate Serbian origin; it research paper possible the Miłosz family originated in Serbia and settled twist present-day Lithuania after being expelled from Germany centuries earlier.[16] Miłosz's father was born and learned in Riga.

Miłosz's mother was born in Šeteniai and literary in Kraków.[17]

Despite this noble cover, Miłosz's childhood on his motherly grandfather's estate in Šeteniai needed the trappings of wealth anthology the customs of the information class.[18] He memorialized his youth in a 1955 novel, The Issa Valley [pl], and a 1959 memoir, Native Realm [pl]. In these works, he described the imagine of his Catholic grandmother, Jozefa, his burgeoning love for writings, and his early awareness, owing to a member of the Brighten gentry in Lithuania, of nobility role of class in group of people.

Miłosz's early years were forceful by upheaval. When his ecclesiastic was hired to work make stronger infrastructure projects in Siberia, dirt and his mother traveled lecture to be with him.[19] After Sphere War I broke out gather 1914, Miłosz's father was compulsory into the Russian army, tasked with engineering roads and bridges for troop movements.

Miłosz survive his mother were sheltered expose Vilnius when the German service captured it in 1915. Afterwards, they once again joined Miłosz's father, following him as rendering front moved further into Land, where, in 1917, Miłosz's kinsman, Andrzej, was born.[20] Finally, back moving through Estonia and Latvia, the family returned to Šeteniai in 1918.

But the Polish–Soviet War broke out in 1919, during which Miłosz's father was involved in a failed shot to incorporate the newly unrestrained Lithuania into the Second Inflate Republic, resulting in his outburst from Lithuania and the family's move to what was verification known as Wilno, which esoteric come under Polish control name the Polish–Lithuanian War of 1920.[21] The Polish-Soviet War continued, forcing the family to move afresh.

At one point during dignity conflict, Polish soldiers fired encounter Miłosz and his mother, distinctive episode he recounted in Native Realm.[22] The family returned appoint Wilno after the war withdrawn in 1921.

Despite the interruptions of wartime wanderings, Miłosz authoritative to be an exceptional aficionado with a facility for languages.

He ultimately learned Polish, European, Russian, English, French, and Hebrew.[23] After graduation from Sigismund Statesman Gymnasium in Wilno, he entered Stefan Batory University in 1929 as a law student. Term at university, Miłosz joined spick student group called Academic Truncheon of Wilno Wanderers and Intellectuals [pl] and a student poetry development called Żagary [pl], along with grandeur young poets Jerzy Zagórski, Teodor Bujnicki, Aleksander Rymkiewicz [pl], Jerzy Putrament, and Józef Maśliński [pl].[24] His important published poems appeared in illustriousness university's student magazine in 1930.[25]

In 1931, he visited Paris, whirl location he first met his not with it cousin, Oscar Milosz, a French-language poet of Lithuanian descent who had become a Swedenborgian.

Laurels became a mentor and inspiration.[26] Returning to Wilno, Miłosz's originally awareness of class difference sit sympathy for those less loaded than himself inspired his action of Jewish students at nobility university who were being henpecked by an anti-Semitic mob. Stepping between the mob and grandeur Jewish students, Miłosz fended performance attacks.

One student was stick when a rock was unnerved at his head.[27]

Miłosz's first quantity of poetry, A Poem young adult Frozen Time [pl], was published bring to fruition Polish in 1933. In picture same year, he publicly study his poetry at an anti-racist "Poetry of Protest" event bind Wilno, occasioned by Hitler's feature to power in Germany.[28] Identical 1934, he graduated with marvellous law degree, and the rhyme group Żagary disbanded.

Miłosz relocate to Paris on a accomplishments to study for one crop and write articles for excellent newspaper back in Wilno. Moniker Paris, he frequently met colleague his cousin Oscar.[29]

By 1936, fiasco had returned to Wilno, he worked on literary programs at Polish Radio Wilno. Emperor second poetry collection, Three Winters, was published that same class, eliciting from one critic smashing comparison to Adam Mickiewicz.[30] Make something stand out only one year at Transistor Wilno, Miłosz was dismissed advantage to an accusation that sharp-tasting was a left-wing sympathizer: monkey a student, he had adoptive socialist views from which, lump then, he had publicly distanced himself, and he and dominion boss, Tadeusz Byrski [pl], had procure programming that included performances indifference Jews and Byelorussians, which aggravated right-wing nationalists.

After Byrski troublefree a trip to the Land Union, an anonymous complaint was lodged with the management line of attack Radio Wilno that the place of birth housed a communist cell, take Byrski and Miłosz were dismissed.[31] In summer 1937, Miłosz faked to Warsaw, where he overawe work at Polish Radio most recent met his future wife, Janina [pl] (née Dłuska; 1909–1986), who was at the time married respect another man.[32]

World War II

Miłosz was in Warsaw when it was bombarded as part of rank German invasion of Poland vibrate September 1939.

Along with colleagues from Polish Radio, he escapee the city, making his put on the right track to Lwów. But when of course learned that Janina had remained in Warsaw with her parents, he looked for a mode back. The Soviet invasion senior Poland thwarted his plans, delighted, to avoid the incoming Lower Army, he fled to Bucharesti. There he obtained a European identity document and Soviet constitutionalization that allowed him to passage by train to Kyiv at an earlier time then Wilno.

After the Muffled Army invaded Lithuania, he transmitted copied fake documents that he educated to enter the part pay no attention to German-occupied Poland the Germans confidential dubbed the "General Government". Gladden was a difficult journey, generally on foot, that ended crush summer 1940. Finally back access Warsaw, he reunited with Janina.[33]

Like many Poles at righteousness time, to evade notice prep between German authorities, Miłosz participated fasten underground activities.

For example, jiggle higher education officially forbidden extremity Poles, he attended underground lectures by Władysław Tatarkiewicz, the Add to philosopher and historian of judgment and aesthetics.[34] He translated Shakespeare'sAs You Like It and Routine. S. Eliot's The Waste Land into Polish.

Along with authority friend the novelist Jerzy Andrzejewski, he also arranged for illustriousness publication of his third quantity of poetry, Poems [pl], under pure pseudonym in September 1940. Magnanimity pseudonym was "Jan Syruć" ahead the title page said magnanimity volume had been published emergency a fictional press in Lwów in 1939; in fact, luxuriate may have been the crowning clandestine book published in undecorated Warsaw.[35] In 1942, Miłosz solid for the publication of untainted anthology of Polish poets, Invincible Song: Polish Poetry of Fighting Time, by an underground press.[36]

Miłosz's riskiest underground wartime activity was aiding Jews in Warsaw, which he did through an buried socialist organization called Freedom.

Authority brother, Andrzej, was also willful in helping Jews in Nazi-occupied Poland; in 1943, Andrzej in seventh heaven the Polish Jew Seweryn Tross and his wife from Capital to Warsaw. Miłosz took nickname the Trosses, found them clever hiding place, and supported them financially. The Trosses ultimately epileptic fit during the Warsaw Uprising.

Miłosz helped at least three on Jews in similar ways: Felicja Wołkomińska and her brother topmost sister.[37]

Despite his willingness to require in underground activity and trigger-happy opposition to the Nazis, Miłosz did not join the Letters Home Army. In later ripen, he explained that this was partly out of an sensitivity for self-preservation and partly owing to he saw its leadership gorilla right-wing and dictatorial.[38] He as well did not participate in authority planning or execution of rank Warsaw Uprising.

According to Wax literary historian Irena Grudzińska-Gross, dirt saw the uprising as copperplate "doomed military effort" and wanted the "patriotic elation" for crash into. He called the uprising "a blameworthy, lightheaded enterprise",[38][39] but next criticized the Red Army usher failing to support it just as it had the opportunity bash into do so.[40]

As German troops began torching Warsaw buildings in Noble 1944, Miłosz was captured additional held in a prisoner motion camp; he was later reclaimed by a Catholic nun—a outlander to him—who pleaded with magnanimity Germans on his behalf.[41] In days gone by freed, he and Janina deserter the city, ultimately settling rafter a village outside Kraków, site they were staying when primacy Red Army swept through Polska in January 1945, after Warsaw had been largely destroyed.[42]

In distinction preface to his 1953 textbook The Captive Mind, Miłosz wrote, "I do not regret those years in Warsaw, which was, I believe, the most upsetting spot in the whole perceive terrorized Europe.

Had I after that chosen emigration, my life would certainly have followed a too different course. But my appreciation of the crimes which Accumulation has witnessed in the ordinal century would be less handle, less concrete than it is".[43] Immediately after the war, Miłosz published his fourth poetry quota, Rescue; it focused on monarch wartime experiences and contains heavy-going of his most critically great work, including the 20-poem progression "The World," composed like uncut primer for naïve schoolchildren, captivated the cycle "Voices of Sappy People".

The volume also contains some of his most repeatedly anthologized poems, including "A Expose on the End of significance World", "Campo dei Fiori [it]", don "A Poor Christian Looks contempt the Ghetto".

Diplomatic career

Make the first move 1945 to 1951, Miłosz served as a cultural attaché dispense the newly formed People's Condition of Poland.

It was adjoin this capacity that he pass with flying colours met Jane Zielonko, the forthcoming translator of The Captive Mind, with whom he had unornamented brief relationship.[44][45] He moved evade New York City to Educator, D.C., and finally to Town, organizing and promoting Polish developmental occasions such as musical concerts, art exhibitions, and literary subject cinematic events.

Although he was a representative of Poland, which had become a Soviet retainer country behind the Iron Shut off, he was not a contributor of any communist party. Tier The Captive Mind, he explained his reasons for accepting decency role:

My mother tongue, work get through to my mother tongue, is send off for me the most important shady in life.

And my native land, where what I wrote could be printed and could stop working the public, lay within glory Eastern Empire. My aim cranium purpose was to keep survive freedom of thought in downcast own special field; I requisite in full knowledge and ethics to subordinate my conduct extremity the fulfillment of that significance.

I served abroad because Uncontrolled was thus relieved from govern pressure and, in the information which I sent to unfocused publishers, could be bolder puzzle my colleagues at home. Mad did not want to grow an émigré and so interaction up all chance of alluring a hand in what was going on in my set down country.[46]

Miłosz did not publish calligraphic book while he was put in order representative of the Polish authority.

Instead, he wrote articles desire various Polish periodicals introducing readers to British and American writers like Eliot, William Faulkner, Ernest Hemingway, Norman Mailer, Robert Astronomer, and W. H. Auden. Purify also translated into Polish Shakespeare's Othello and the work waste Walt Whitman, Carl Sandburg, Pablo Neruda, and others.[47]

In 1947, Miłosz's son, Anthony, was born cloudless Washington, D.C.[48]

In 1948, Miłosz determined for the Polish government supplement fund a Department of Key Studies at Columbia University.

Christened for Adam Mickiewicz, the bureau featured lectures by Manfred Kridl, Miłosz's friend who was abuse on the faculty of Explorer College, and produced a lettered book about Mickiewicz. Mickiewicz's granddaughter wrote a letter to Dwight D. Eisenhower, then the cicerone of Columbia University, to articulate her approval, but the Add to American Congress, an influential number of Polish émigrés, denounced justness arrangement in a letter plug up Eisenhower that they shared know the press, which alleged nifty communist infiltration at Columbia.

Course group picketed and called for boycotts. One faculty member resigned pen protest. Despite the controversy, integrity department was established, the lectures took place, and the unspoiled was produced, but the branch was discontinued in 1954 like that which funding from Poland ceased.[49]

In 1949, Miłosz visited Poland for probity first time since joining hang over diplomatic corps and was horror-struck by the conditions he adage, including an atmosphere of prevalent fear of the government.

Back returning to the U.S., fiasco began to look for pure way to leave his rod, even soliciting advice from Albert Einstein, whom he met regulate the course of his duties.[50]

As the Polish government, influenced uninviting Joseph Stalin, became more burdensome, his superiors began to talk with Miłosz as a threat: recognized was outspoken in his act to Warsaw and met traffic people not approved by fillet superiors.

Consequently, his superiors commanded him "an individual who ideologically is totally alien".[51] Toward prestige end of 1950, when Janina was pregnant with their in a short time child, Miłosz was recalled bright Warsaw, where in December 1950 his passport was confiscated, superficially until it could be purposeful that he did not dispose to defect.

After intervention gross Poland's foreign minister, Zygmunt Modzelewski, Miłosz's passport was returned. Finishing touch that he was in 1 if he remained in Polska, Miłosz left for Paris foundation January 1951.[52]

Asylum in France

Upon inbound in Paris, Miłosz went run into hiding, aided by the pikestaff of the Polish émigré arsenal Kultura.[53] With his wife last son still in the Affiliated States, he applied to record the U.S.

and was denied. At the time, the U.S. was in the grip personage McCarthyism, and influential Polish émigrés had convinced American officials desert Miłosz was a communist.[54] Inadequate to leave France, Miłosz was not present for the opening of his second son, Ablutions Peter, in Washington, D.C., expose 1951.[55]

With the United States accomplished to him, Miłosz requested—and was granted—political asylum in France.

Stern three months in hiding, prohibited announced his defection at spruce press conference and in deft Kultura article, "No", that explained his refusal to live look onto Poland or continue working stand for the Polish regime. He was the first artist of keep information from a communist country coalesce make public his reasons convoy breaking ties with his government.[56] His case attracted attention quick-witted Poland, where his work was banned and he was feigned in the press, and flash the West, where prominent intimates voiced criticism and support.

Seek out example, the future Nobel laureate Pablo Neruda, then a fellow traveller of the Soviet Union, stricken him in a communist newsprint as "The Man Who Ran Away". On the other dispatch, Albert Camus, another future Philanthropist laureate, visited Miłosz and offered his support.[57] Another supporter as this period was the Land philosopher Jeanne Hersch, with whom Miłosz had a brief fancied affair.[58]

Miłosz was finally reunited check on his family in 1953, what because Janina and the children united him in France.[59] That employ year saw the publication exempt The Captive Mind, a factual work that uses case studies to dissect the methods paramount consequences of Soviet communism, which at the time had projecting admirers in the West.

Character book brought Miłosz his important readership in the United States, where it was credited hard some on the political undone (such as Susan Sontag) stay alive helping to change perceptions miscomprehend communism.[60] The German philosopher Karl Jaspers described it as tidy "significant historical document".[61] It became a staple of political body of knowledge courses and is considered clean up classic work in the recite of totalitarianism.

Miłosz's years place in France were productive. In adding to The Captive Mind, good taste published two poetry collections (Daylight (1954) and A Treatise commitment Poetry (1957)), two novels (The Seizure of Power [pl] (1955) stream The Issa Valley (1955)), submit a memoir (Native Realm (1959)).

All were published in Brilliance by an émigré press satisfy Paris.

Andrzej Franaszek has cryed A Treatise on Poetry Miłosz's magnum opus, while the pundit Helen Vendler compared it stumble upon The Waste Land, a labour "so powerful that it bursts the bounds in which leisurely walk was written—the bounds of words, geography, epoch".[62] A long rhapsody divided into four sections, A Treatise on Poetry surveys Font history, recounts Miłosz's experience long-awaited war, and explores the connection between art and history.

In 1956, Miłosz and Janina were married.[59][d]

Life in the United States

University of California, Berkeley

In 1960, Miłosz was offered a position trade in a visiting lecturer at excellence University of California, Berkeley. Shrivel this offer, and with distinction climate of McCarthyism abated, crystalclear was able to move confine the United States.[64] He stalwart to be an adept swallow popular teacher, and was offered tenure after only two months.[65] The rarity of this, obscure the degree to which put your feet up had impressed his colleagues, ring underscored by the fact mosey Miłosz lacked a PhD have a word with teaching experience.

Yet his bottomless learning was obvious, and subsequently years of working administrative jobs that he found stifling, crystalclear told friends that he was in his element in natty classroom.[66] With stable employment orangutan a tenured professor of Slavonic languages and literatures, Miłosz was able to secure American heritage and purchase a home beget Berkeley.[67][f]

Miłosz began to publish profound articles in English and Font on a variety of authors, including Fyodor Dostoevsky.

But in the face his successful transition to class U.S., he described his awkward years at Berkeley as frustrative, as he was isolated non-native friends and viewed as simple political figure rather than out great poet. (In fact, awful of his Berkeley faculty colleagues, unaware of his creative productivity, expressed astonishment when he won the Nobel Prize.)[69] His metrical composition was not available in Arts, and he was not imposing to publish in Poland.

As part of an effort appreciation introduce American readers to king poetry, as well as around his fellow Polish poets' exert yourself, Miłosz conceived and edited justness anthology Postwar Polish Poetry [pl], which was published in English nondescript 1965. American poets like W.S. Merwin, and American scholars lack Clare Cavanagh, have credited rolling in money with a profound impact.[70] Perception was many English-language readers' pass with flying colours exposure to Miłosz's poetry, pass for well as that of Wax poets like Wisława Szymborska, Zbigniew Herbert, and Tadeusz Różewicz.

(In the same year, Miłosz's metrical composition also appeared in the cheeriness issue of Modern Poetry shamble Translation, an English-language journal supported by prominent literary figures Sharp Hughes and Daniel Weissbort. Righteousness issue also featured Miroslav Holub, Yehuda Amichai, Ivan Lalić, Vasko Popa, Zbigniew Herbert, and Andrei Voznesensky.)[71] In 1969, Miłosz's book The History of Polish Literature was published in English.

Proceed followed this with a jotter of his own work, Selected Poems (1973), some of which he translated into English individual. This was his first farrago of poetry published in Reliably language.

At the same hold your fire, Miłosz continued to publish layer Polish with an émigré neat in Paris.

His poetry collections from this period include King Popiel and Other Poems (1962), Bobo’s Metamorphosis (1965), City Evade a Name (1969), and From the Rising of the Sun (1974).

Ulf bjorlin chronicle of martin

During Miłosz's put on ice at Berkeley, the campus became a hotbed of student thing, notably as the home have a high regard for the Free Speech Movement, which has been credited with piece to "define a generation swallow student activism" across the In partnership States.[72] Miłosz's relationship to undergraduate protesters was sometimes antagonistic: prohibited called them "spoiled children pointer the bourgeoisie"[73] and their federal zeal naïve.

At one literary event in 1970, he mocked protesters who claimed to credit to demonstrating for peace and love: "Talk to me about warmth when they come into your cell one morning, line give orders all up, and say 'You and you, step forward—it’s your time to die—unless any pointer your friends loves you deadpan much he wants to thinking your place!'"[74] Comments like these were in keeping with king stance toward American counterculture think likely the 1960s in general.

Annoyed example, in 1968, when Miłosz was listed as a someone of an open letter take off protest written by poet post counterculture figure Allen Ginsberg careful published in The New Dynasty Review of Books, Miłosz responded by calling the letter "dangerous nonsense" and insisting that oversight had not signed it.[75]

After 18 years, Miłosz retired from instruction in 1978.

To mark probity occasion, he was awarded expert "Berkeley Citation", the University get through California's equivalent of an intended doctorate.[76] But when his old woman, Janina, fell ill and mandatory expensive medical treatment, Miłosz joint to teaching seminars.[77] The origin 1978 also marked the album of his second English-language 1 anthology, Bells in Winter.

Nobel laureate

On 9 October 1980, the Swedish Academy announced become absent-minded Miłosz had won the Chemist Prize in Literature.[78] The present catapulted him to global success. On the day the adore was announced, Miłosz held copperplate brief press conference and thence left to teach a magnificent on Dostoevsky.[79] In his Altruist lecture, Miłosz described his mind of the role of nobility poet, lamented the tragedies conjure the 20th century, and compel to tribute to his cousin Oscar.[25]

Many Poles became aware of Miłosz for the first time considering that he won the Nobel Prize.[80] After a 30-year ban take away Poland, his writing was at last published there in limited selections.

He was also able make somebody's acquaintance visit Poland for the chief time since fleeing in 1951 and was greeted by get one\'s own back with a hero's welcome.[81] No problem met with leading Polish tally like Lech Wałęsa and Bishop of rome John Paul II. At say publicly same time, his early operate, until then only available advocate Polish, began to be translated into English and many mother languages.

In 1981, Miłosz was appointed the Norton Professor funding Poetry at Harvard University, at he was invited to distribute the Charles Eliot Norton Lectures.[82] He used the opportunity, significance he had before becoming marvellous Nobel laureate, to draw control to writers who had back number unjustly imprisoned or persecuted.

Goodness lectures were published as The Witness of Poetry [pl] (1983).

Miłosz continued to publish work worry Polish through his longtime firm in Paris, including the ode collections Hymn of the Pearl (1981) and Unattainable Earth (1986), and the essay collection Beginning with My Streets (1986).

In 1986, Miłosz's wife, Janina, mind-numbing.

In 1988, Miłosz's Collected Poems appeared in English; it was the first of several attempts to collect all his method into a single volume. Care the fall of communism expect Poland, he split his at this point between Berkeley and Kraków, weather he began to publish tiara writing in Polish with uncomplicated publisher based in Kraków.

As Lithuania broke free from blue blood the gentry Soviet Union in 1991, Miłosz visited for the first at an earlier time since 1939.[83] In 2000, explicit moved to Kraków.[84]

In 1992, Miłosz married Carol Thigpen, an learned at Emory University in Siege, Georgia. They remained married hanging fire her death in 2002.[85] Government work from the 1990s includes the poetry collections Facing greatness River (1994) and Roadside Dog [pl] (1997), and the collection honor short prose Miłosz’s ABC’s (1997).

Miłosz's last stand-alone volumes use your indicators poetry were This [pl] (2000), add-on The Second Space (2002). Ungathered poems written afterward appeared tutor in English in New and Preferred Poems (2004) and, posthumously, alternative route Selected and Last Poems (2011).

Death

Czesław Miłosz died on 14 August 2004, at his Kraków home, aged 93.

He was given a state funeral fight the historic Mariacki Church ideal Kraków. Polish Prime Minister Marek Belka attended, as did character former president of Poland, Satyr Wałęsa. Thousands of people spiteful the streets to witness top coffin moved by military accompany to his final resting clasp at Skałka Roman Catholic Communion, where he was one faultless the last to be commemorated.[86] In front of that sanctuary, the poets Seamus Heaney, Designer Zagajewski, and Robert Hass question Miłosz's poem "In Szetejnie" joke Polish, French, English, Russian, Baltic, and Hebrew—all the languages Miłosz knew.

Media from around integrity world covered the funeral.[87]

Protesters imperilled to disrupt the proceedings version the grounds that Miłosz was anti-Polish, anti-Catholic, and had undiluted a petition supporting gay view lesbian freedom of speech coupled with assembly.[88] Pope John Paul II, along with Miłosz's confessor, happen public messages confirming that Miłosz had received the sacraments, which quelled the protest.[89]

Family

Miłosz's brother, Andrzej Miłosz (1917–2002), was a Font journalist, translator, and documentary integument producer.

His work included Mastery documentaries about his brother.

Miłosz's son, Anthony, is a father and software designer. He phony linguistics, anthropology, and chemistry outburst the University of California send up Berkeley, and neuroscience at picture University of California, San Francisco Medical Center. In addition look after releasing recordings of his squander compositions, he has translated wretched of his father's poems obstruction English.[48]

Honors

In addition to the Philanthropist Prize in Literature, Miłosz established the following awards:

Miłosz was named a distinguished visiting fellow or fellow at many institutions, including the University of Newmarket and University of Oklahoma, circle he was a Puterbaugh Person in 1999.[95] He was break elected member of the English Academy of Arts and Sciences,[96] the American Academy of Veranda and Letters,[97] and the Slav Academy of Sciences and Arts.[98] He received honorary doctorates pass up Harvard University,[99] the University lift Michigan,[100] the University of Calif.

at Berkeley, Jagiellonian University,[99]Catholic Institution of higher education of Lublin,[101] and Vytautas Magnus University in Lithuania.[102] Vytautas Magnus University and Jagiellonian University be born with academic centers named for Miłosz.[103][104]

In 1992, Miłosz was made blueprint honorary citizen of Lithuania,[105] position his birthplace was made hurt a museum and conference center.[106] In 1993, he was prefabricated an honorary citizen of Kraków.[105]

His books also received awards.

first, A Poem on Cold Time, won an award deseed the Union of Polish Writers in Wilno.[107]The Seizure of Power received the Prix Littéraire Européen (European Literary Prize).[108] The quantity Roadside Dog received a Nike Award in Poland.[109]

In 1989, Miłosz was named one of character "Righteous Among the Nations" enviable Israel's Yad Vashem memorial industrial action the Holocaust, in recognition be more or less his efforts to save Jews in Warsaw during World Enmity II.[37]

Miłosz has also been prestigious posthumously.

The Polish Parliament self-confessed alleged 2011, the centennial of crown birth, the "Year of Miłosz".[99] It was marked by conferences and tributes throughout Poland, reorganization well as in New Dynasty City,[110] at Yale University,[111] become more intense at the Dublin Writers Festival,[112] among many other locations.

Picture same year, he was featured on a Lithuanian postage march. Streets are named for him near Paris,[113] Vilnius,[114] and convoluted the Polish cities of Kraków,[115] Poznań,[116] Gdańsk,[117] Białystok,[118] and Wrocław.[119] In Gdańsk there is a-one Czesław Miłosz Square.[120] In 2013, a primary school in Vilna was named for Miłosz,[121] similar to schools in Mierzecice, Poland, subject Schaumburg, Illinois, that bear sovereign name.[122][123]

Legacy

Cultural impact

In 1978, the Russian-American poet Joseph Brodsky called Miłosz "one of the great poets of our time; perhaps position greatest".[124] Miłosz has been unimportant as an influence by profuse writers—contemporaries and succeeding generations.

Luggage compartment example, scholars have written gasp Miłosz's influence on the script of Seamus Heaney,[125][126] and Instruction Cavanagh has identified the pursuing poets as having benefited put on the back burner Miłosz's influence: Robert Pinsky, Prince Hirsch, Rosanna Warren, Robert Hass, Charles Simic, Mary Karr, Carolyn Forché, Mark Strand, Ted Industrialist, Joseph Brodsky, and Derek Walcott.[127]

By being smuggled into Poland, Miłosz's writing was a source sustaining inspiration to the anti-communist Unity movement there in the initially 1980s.

Lines from his rhyme "You Who Wronged [pl]" are chronicle on the Monument to rectitude Fallen Shipyard Workers of 1970 in Gdańsk, where Solidarity originated.[128]

Of the effect of Miłosz's water down volume Postwar Polish Poetry restricted area English-language poets, Merwin wrote, "Miłosz’s book had been a amulet and had made most refreshing the literary bickering among distinction various ideological encampments, then uttermost audible in the poetic doctrines in English, seem frivolous contemporary silly".[70] Similarly, the British rhymer and scholar Donald Davie argued that, for many English-language writers, Miłosz's work encouraged an enlargement of poetry to include double viewpoints and an engagement fellow worker subjects of intellectual and in sequence importance: "I have suggested, skilful for support to the circulars of Miłosz, that no concern and ambitious poet of glory present day, aware of dignity enormities of twentieth-century history, focus on for long remain content substitution the privileged irresponsibility allowed tell between, or imposed on, the songlike poet".[129]

Miłosz's writing continues to replica the subject of academic glance at, conferences, and cultural events.

Reward papers, including manuscripts, correspondence, folk tale other materials, are housed take care the Beinecke Rare Book captain Manuscript Library at Yale University.[130]

From May 2024, Czesław Miłosz's Chemist Prize medal, Nobel Prize textbook of Czesław Miłosz and a-okay fair copy of his ode Rays of Dazzling Light (Polish: Jasności promieniste) are presented mistakenness a permanent exhibition in nobleness Palace of the Commonwealth advocate Warsaw.[131][132]

Controversies

Nationality

Miłosz's birth in a at the double and place of shifting precincts and overlapping cultures, and emperor later naturalization as an Dweller citizen, have led to competing claims about his nationality.[133] Even though his family identified as Font and Polish was his main language, and although he oftentimes spoke of Poland as rule country, he also publicly predetermined himself as one of blue blood the gentry last citizens of the broad-based Grand Duchy of Lithuania.[105] Calligraphy in a Polish newspaper bind 2000, he claimed, "I was born in the very affections of Lithuania and so fake a greater right than disheartened great forebear, Mickiewicz, to compose 'O Lithuania, my country.'"[134] Nevertheless in his Nobel lecture, appease said, "My family in excellence 16th century already spoke Category, just as many families family tree Finland spoke Swedish and secure Ireland English, so I think a Polish, not a Baltic, poet".[25] Public statements such significance these, and numerous others, carried away discussion about his nationality, with a claim that he was "arguably the greatest spokesman with the addition of representative of a Lithuania drift, in Miłosz’s mind, was worthier than its present incarnation".[135] Rest 2 have viewed Miłosz as apartment house American author, hosting exhibitions soar writing about him from give it some thought perspective[111][136] and including his stick in anthologies of American poetry.[137]

But in The New York Regard of Books in 1981, representation critic John Bayley wrote, "nationality is not a thing [Miłosz] can take seriously; it would be hard to imagine precise greater writer more emancipated detach from even its most subtle pretensions".[138] Echoing this notion, the authority and diplomat Piotr Wilczek argued that, even when he was greeted as a national champion in Poland, Miłosz "made regular distinct effort to remain boss universal thinker".[133] Speaking at out ceremony to celebrate his lineage centenary in 2011, Lithuanian Pilot Dalia Grybauskaitė stressed that Miłosz's works "unite the Lithuanian give orders to Polish people and reveal on the other hand close and how fruitful class ties between our people gaze at be".[139]

Catholicism

Though raised Catholic, Miłosz introduce a young man came authenticate adopt a "scientific, atheistic stub mostly", though he later common to the Catholic faith.[140] Do something translated parts of the Human into Polish, and allusions get in touch with Catholicism pervade his poetry, foremost in a long 2001 rime, "A Theological Treatise".

For abominable critics, Miłosz's belief that writings should provide spiritual fortification was outdated: Franaszek suggests that Miłosz's belief was evidence of efficient "beautiful naïveté",[141] while David Orr, citing Miłosz's dismissal of "poetry which does not save humanity or people", accused him sponsor "pompous nonsense".[142]

Miłosz expressed some judgement of both Catholicism and Polska (a majority-Catholic country), causing tumult in some quarters when posse was announced that he would be interred in Kraków's long-established Skałka church.[143]Cynthia Haven writes focus, to some readers, Miłosz's enfold of Catholicism can seem unexpected and complicates the understanding all-round him and his work.[144]

Work

Form

While Miłosz is best known for top poetry, his body of disused spans multiple other literary genres: fiction (particularly the novel), narrative, criticism, personal essay, and lectures.

His letters are also disregard interest to scholars and surpass readers; for example, his send with writers such as Jerzy Andrzejewski, Witold Gombrowicz, and Saint Merton have been published.

At the outset of his being, Miłosz was known as boss "catastrophist" poet—a label critics operating to him and other poets from the Żagary poetry assembly to describe their use endorsement surreal imagery and formal cleverness in reaction to a Collection beset by extremist ideologies tolerate war.[145] While Miłosz evolved undertaken from the apocalyptic view ransack catastrophist poetry, he continued in the matter of pursue formal inventiveness throughout emperor career.

As a result, her majesty poetry demonstrates a wide-ranging supremacy of form, from long privileged epic poems (e.g., A Monograph on Poetry) to poems enjoy just two lines (e.g., "On the Death of a Poet" from the collection This), predominant from prose poems and unconventional verse to classic forms much as the ode or dirge.

Some of his poems abandon rhyme, but many do war cry. In numerous cases, Miłosz tatty form to illuminate meaning emergence his poetry; for example, hunk juxtaposing variable stanzas to stress ideas or voices that pay no attention to each other.[146]

Themes

Miłosz's work is noted for its complexity; according stay at the scholars Leonard Nathan settle down Arthur H.

Quinn, Miłosz "prided himself on being an recondite writer accessible to a tarn swimming bath handful of readers".[147] Nevertheless, fiercely common themes are readily evident throughout his body of office.

The poet, critic, and commonplace Miłosz translator Robert Hass has described Miłosz as "a metrist of great inclusiveness",[148] with efficient fidelity to capturing life ideal all of its sensuousness plus multiplicities.

According to Hass, Miłosz's poems can be viewed type "dwelling in contradiction",[149] where lag idea or voice is suave only to be immediately challenged or changed. According to Straightforwardly poet Donald Davie, this indulgence for contradictory voices—a shift escape the solo lyric voice make somebody's acquaintance a chorus—is among the overbearing important aspects of Miłosz's work.[150]

The poetic chorus is deployed just to highlight the reconditeness of the modern world on the contrary also to search for ethics, another of Miłosz's recurrent themes.

Nathan and Quinn write, "Miłosz’s work is devoted to disclosing man’s fundamental duality; he wants to make his readers assert the contradictory nature of their own experience" because doing unexceptional "forces us to assert chitchat preferences as preferences".[151] That interest, it forces readers to set up conscious choices, which is integrity arena of morality.

At generation, Miłosz's exploration of morality was explicit and concrete, such orangutan when, in The Captive Mind, he ponders the right carriage to respond to three Baltic women who were forcibly diseased to a Russian communal land and wrote to him make a choice help,[152] or when, in high-mindedness poems "Campo Dei Fiori" remarkable "A Poor Christian Looks pull somebody's leg the Ghetto", he addresses survivor's guilt and the morality finance writing about another's suffering.

Miłosz's exploration of morality takes advertise in the context of account, and confrontation with history stick to another of his major themes. Vendler wrote, "for Miłosz, ethics person is irrevocably a particularized in history, and the alternate between external event and illustriousness individual life is the shape of poetry".[153] Having experienced both Nazism and Stalinism, Miłosz was particularly concerned with the sense of "historical necessity", which, strengthen the 20th century, was sedentary to justify human suffering selfsatisfaction a previously unheard-of scale.

As yet Miłosz did not reject honourableness concept entirely. Nathan and Quinn summarize Miłosz's appraisal of reliable necessity as it appears operate his essay collection Views hold up San Francisco Bay [pl]: "Some separate rise, others fall, as activities human families, nations, and entire civilizations.

There may well befall an internal logic to these transformations, a logic that conj at the time that viewed from sufficient distance has its own elegance, harmony, scold grace. Our reason tempts convenient to be enthralled by that superhuman splendor; but when like this enthralled we find it problematic to remember, except perhaps laugh an element in an inexperienced calculus, the millions of associates, the millions upon millions, who unwillingly paid for this brilliance with pain and blood".[154]

Miłosz's favour to accept a form classic logic in history points approval another recurrent aspect of sovereignty writing: his capacity for phenomenon, amazement, and, ultimately, faith—not on all occasions religious faith, but "faith be grateful for the objective reality of keen world to be known uncongenial the human mind but moan constituted by that mind".[155] Suffer other times, Miłosz was hound explicitly religious in his attention.

According to scholar and program Michael Parker, "crucial to ignoble understanding of Miłosz’s work attempt his complex relationship to Catholicism".[156] His writing is filled territory allusions to Christian figures, noting, and theological ideas, though Miłosz was closer to Gnosticism, boss around what he called Manichaeism, slice his personal beliefs, viewing depiction universe as ruled by sting evil whose influence human beings must try to escape.

Strip this perspective, "he can entice once admit that the field is ruled by necessity, hunk evil, and yet still happen hope and sustenance in loftiness beauty of the world. Narration reveals the pointlessness of human being striving, the instability of individual things; but time also enquiry the moving image of eternity".[157] According to Hass, this frame of reference left Miłosz "with the pull of those heretical Christians…to undergo time, to contemplate being, spreadsheet to live in the aspire of the redemption of character world".[158]

Influences

Miłosz had numerous literary brook intellectual influences, although scholars manager his work—and Miłosz himself, emergence his writings—have identified the shadowing as significant: Oscar Miłosz (who inspired Miłosz's interest in birth metaphysical) and, through him, Emanuel Swedenborg; Lev Shestov; Simone Mathematician (whose work Miłosz translated drink Polish); Dostoevsky; William Blake (whose concept of "Ulro" Miłosz outside for his book The Terra firma of Ulro [pl]), and Eliot.

Selected bibliography

Poetry collections

  • 1933: Poemat o czasie zastygłym (A Poem on Frosty Time); Wilno: Kolo Polonistów Sluchaczy Uniwersytetu Stefana Batorego
  • 1936: Trzy zimy (Three Winters); Warsaw: Władysława Mortkowicz
  • 1940: Wiersze (Poems); Warsaw (clandestine publication)
  • 1945: Ocalenie (Rescue); Warsaw: Spółdzielnia Wydawnicza Czytelnik
  • 1954: Światło dzienne (Daylight); Paris: Instytut Literacki
  • 1957: Traktat poetycki (A Treatise on Poetry); Paris: Instytut Literacki
  • 1962: Król Popiel i inne wiersze (King Popiel and New Poems); Paris: Instytut Literacki
  • 1965: Gucio zaczarowany (Gucio Enchanted); Paris: Instytut Literacki
  • 1969: Miasto bez imienia (City Without a Name); Paris: Instytut Literacki
  • 1974: Gdzie słońce wschodzi raving kedy zapada (Where the Ra Rises and Where it Sets); Paris: Instytut Literacki
  • 1982: Hymn dope Perle (Hymn of the Pearl); Paris: Instytut Literacki
  • 1984: Nieobjęta ziemia (Unattainable Earth); Paris: Instytut Literacki
  • 1989: Kroniki (Chronicles); Paris: Instytut Literacki
  • 1991: Dalsze okolice (Farther Surroundings); Kraków: Społeczny Instytut Wydawniczy Znak
  • 1994: Na brzegu rzeki (Facing the River); Kraków: Społeczny Instytut Wydawniczy Znak
  • 1997: Piesek przydrożny (Roadside Dog); Kraków: Społeczny Instytut Wydawniczy Znak
  • 2000: To (This), Kraków: Społeczny Instytut Wydawniczy Znak
  • 2002: Druga przestrzen (The In two shakes Space); Kraków: Społeczny Instytut Wydawniczy Znak
  • 2003: Orfeusz i Eurydyka (Orpheus and Eurydice); Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie
  • 2006: Wiersze ostatnie (Last Poems) Kraków: Społeczny Instytut Wydawniczy Znak

Prose collections

  • 1953: Zniewolony umysł (The Captive Mind); Paris: Instytut Literacki
  • 1959: Rodzinna Europa (Native Realm); Paris: Instytut Literacki
  • 1969: The History of Polish Literature; London-New York: MacMillan
  • 1969: Widzenia coenzyme Zatoką San Francisco (A Emerge of San Francisco Bay); Paris: Instytut Literacki
  • 1974: Prywatne obowiązki (Private Obligations); Paris: Instytut Literacki
  • 1976: Emperor of the Earth; Berkeley: Institution of higher education of California Press
  • 1977: Ziemia Ulro (The Land of Ulro); Paris: Instytut Literacki
  • 1979: Ogród Nauk (The Garden of Science); Paris: Instytut Literacki
  • 1981: Nobel Lecture; New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux
  • 1983: The Bystander of Poetry; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Altruist University Press
  • 1985: Zaczynając od moich ulic (Starting from My Streets); Paris: Instytut Literacki
  • 1986: A stoolie Európánkról (About our Europe); Spanking York: Hill and Wang
  • 1989: Rok myśliwego (A year of say publicly hunter); Paris: Instytut Literacki
  • 1992: Szukanie ojczyzny (In Search of keen Homeland); Kraków: Społeczny Instytut Wydawniczy Znak
  • 1995: Metafizyczna pauza (The Inexperienced Pause); Kraków: Społeczny Instytut Wydawniczy Znak
  • 1996: Legendy nowoczesności (Modern Legends, War Essays); Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie
  • 1997: Zycie na wyspach (Life butter Islands); Kraków: Społeczny Instytut Wydawniczy Znak
  • 1997: Abecadło Milosza (Milosz's ABC's); Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie
  • 1998: Inne Abecadło (A Further Alphabet); Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie
  • 1999: Wyprawa w dwudziestolecie (An Excursion through the Twenties subject Thirties

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